*Read the passage below. Take notes as you read.

Now listen to a lecture on the same topic. You may take notes during the lecture. You have 3 minutes to read the passage and take notes, then 20 minutes to write your response.

Passage:

Urbanization, the process of population migration from rural to urban areas, has become a prominent phenomenon in developing countries, bringing forth both opportunities and challenges. This transformation is reshaping societies and economies, influencing the lives of millions.

Benefits of Urbanization:

Firstly, urbanization offers significant economic advantages. Urban centers become hubs of commerce and industry, attracting businesses and investment. This influx of economic activity often leads to increased job opportunities, ultimately improving the standard of living for many residents. Additionally, the concentration of skilled professionals and entrepreneurs in urban areas fosters innovation and the exchange of ideas, driving technological advancements.

Secondly, urbanization can result in improved infrastructure and public services. As populations grow in urban areas, governments often invest in essential facilities such as transportation, healthcare, and education. Improved infrastructure not only enhances the quality of life for urban residents but also contributes to the overall development of the country.

Challenges of Urbanization:

Conversely, rapid urbanization presents its own set of challenges. One of the primary concerns is the strain on urban infrastructure. As cities expand, there is a need for efficient transportation systems, sanitation facilities, and housing. Inadequate planning and insufficient investment in infrastructure can lead to congestion, environmental degradation, and a decline in overall living conditions.

Another challenge associated with urbanization is the emergence of informal settlements or slums. Rapid migration to cities often outpaces the capacity to provide adequate housing, resulting in the proliferation of informal settlements. These areas lack basic amenities and are characterized by overcrowded living conditions, posing significant health and social challenges.

In conclusion, while urbanization in developing countries brings forth economic opportunities and improvements in infrastructure, it also presents challenges related to inadequate planning and the strain on resources. Achieving sustainable urban development requires careful consideration of these benefits and challenges to ensure the well-being of urban populations.

(* AI generated question)

Essay:

(主題の紹介 ):

The passage and the lecture both discuss _____________________________________ While the passage provides a broad overview of___________________________

(パッセージからの要点): 

According to the passage,________________________________

(講義からの要点 ):

The lecture, building upon the information in the passage, focuses on ___________________________

(まとめ):

In summary, both the passage and the lecture provide insights into ___________________________. While the passage outlines the general ____________________________, the lecture __________________________Together, they present a comprehensive picture of ________________

The lecture: 

"Good day, everyone. Today, we're going to discuss the profound effects of climate change on marine life, with a particular focus on the detrimental consequences for coral reefs. As we delve into this topic, it becomes evident that the intricate balance within these ecosystems is under threat.

Firstly, let's address the issue of rising sea temperatures. Coral reefs are highly sensitive to changes in temperature, and when the water becomes warmer than usual, corals undergo a process called bleaching. This phenomenon occurs when corals expel the symbiotic algae living in their tissues, resulting in the loss of the vibrant colors we associate with healthy reefs. Importantly, this process weakens the corals and makes them more susceptible to diseases, threatening the diverse marine life that relies on them for shelter and sustenance.

Moreover, the acidification of seawater is another consequence of climate change affecting coral reefs. With the increased absorption of carbon dioxide by the oceans, the water becomes more acidic. Corals rely on a delicate balance of acidity to build their calcium carbonate skeletons. However, with rising acidity levels, this process becomes disrupted, compromising the structural integrity of the coral reefs. The weakened structures are then more susceptible to damage from storms and other environmental stressors.

Lastly, consider the impact of rising sea levels on these ecosystems. As sea levels increase due to the melting of polar ice caps, coral reefs face reduced exposure to sunlight. This reduction in light impedes the photosynthesis process crucial for the growth of corals and the myriad organisms that depend on them. Furthermore, coastal ecosystems face heightened threats, as higher sea levels exacerbate the risks of storm surges and coastal erosion.

In conclusion, the effects of climate change on marine life, especially coral reefs, are interconnected and alarming. To preserve these crucial ecosystems, it is imperative that we take immediate and concerted global action to address the root causes of climate change and mitigate its impacts on our oceans."